Guidelines for optimizing the structural design of die castings: a key factor in improving quality and productivity
Date: 2025-01-19 Categories: Blog Views: 1188
Structural design of die castings
Die casting structure design is the first step of die casting work. The rationality of the design and process adaptability will affect the smooth progress of the subsequent work, such as parting surface selection, the opening of the inner gate, the introduction of the mechanism layout, mold structure and manufacturing difficulty, alloy solidification and shrinkage law, casting precision guarantee, defects, etc., will be to the premise of the die casting itself craftsmanship of the advantages and disadvantages of the die casting.
1, Precautions for the design of die casting parts
(1) The design of die castings involves four aspects:
a, i.e., pressure casting requirements for the shape and structure of the part;
b. Process performance of die castings;
c. Dimensional accuracy and surface requirements of die castings;
d. Determination of die casting parting surface;
Die casting parts design is an important part of die casting production technology, the design must consider the following issues: mold parting surface selection, the opening of the gate, the top lever position selection, casting shrinkage, casting dimensional accuracy guarantee, casting internal defects prevention, casting hole requirements, shrinkage and deformation requirements and the size of machining allowances and other aspects;
(2) The design principles for die castings are:
a. Correct selection of materials for die castings;
b. Reasonably determine the dimensional accuracy of the die casting;
c. Distribute wall thickness as evenly as possible;
d. Increase craft garden corners at each corner to avoid sharp corners.
(3) Classification of die castings
According to the use of the requirements can be divided into two categories, a class of parts subjected to large loads or parts with high relative speed of motion, check the project has the size, surface quality, chemical composition, mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation, hardness); the other category for other parts, check the project has the size, surface quality and chemical composition.
In the design of die casting, should also pay attention to the parts should meet the process requirements of die casting. Die casting process from the location of the parting surface, the position of the top surface of the push rod, casting hole of the relevant requirements, shrinkage deformation of the relevant requirements and the size of the machining allowance and so on. Reasonable determination of die casting surface parting surface, not only can simplify the structure of the die casting type, but also can ensure the quality of castings.
(4) The workmanship of the die casting structure:
1) Eliminate the internal side concavity of the casting as much as possible to make the mold structure simple.
2) Try to make the casting wall thickness uniform, you can use the rib to reduce the wall thickness, reduce the casting porosity, shrinkage, deformation and other defects.
3) Try to eliminate deep holes and deep cavities in the castings. Because the fine small core is easy to bend, break, deep cavity filling and exhaust bad.
4) The design of the casting should be easy to release the mold, core extraction.
5) Homogeneity of meat thickness is necessary.
6) Avoid sharp corners.
7) Pay attention to the angle of mold pulling.
(8) Pay attention to the product tolerance labeling.
9) Too thick or too thin is not suitable.
10) Avoid dead-end chamfers (as little as you can).
11) Consider the ease of post-processing.
12) Minimize voids within the product.
13) Avoid having peninsular shapes that are too weak locally.
(14) Too long molding holes, or too long molding columns are not suitable.
Die casting part design
(1) Shape and structure of die castings
a. Eliminate internal side concavities;
b. Avoid or minimize core pulling parts;
c. Avoid core cross; reasonable die casting structure can not only simplify the structure of the die casting type, reduce manufacturing costs, but also improve the quality of castings.
(2) Wall thickness
The wall thickness of die castings has a great influence on the quality of castings. TakealuminumFor example, thin wall has higher strength and good densification than thick wall. Therefore, in order to ensure that the casting has sufficient strength and rigidity of the conditions, should minimize its wall thickness, and keep the wall thickness uniform. Castings wall is too thin, so that the metal fusion is not good, affecting the strength of the casting, while bringing difficulties to the molding; wall thickness is too large or seriously uneven is prone to deflated and cracked. With the increase of wall thickness, the casting internal porosity, shrinkage and other defects also increase, also reduce the strength of the casting. Die casting wall thickness generally 2.5 ~ 4mm is appropriate, wall thickness of more than 6mm parts should not be used die casting. Recommended minimum wall thickness and normal wall thickness is shown in table 1.
| Area at wall thickness a x b (cm2) | zinc alloy | aluminum | magnesium alloy | copper alloy | ||||
| Wall thickness h (mm) | ||||||||
| minimal | normalcy | minimal | normalcy | minimal | normalcy | minimal | normalcy | |
| ≤25 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
| ＞25～100 | 1.0 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 2.0 |
| ＞100-500 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.5 |
| ＞500 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 |
The ratio of the maximum wall thickness to the minimum wall thickness should not be greater than 3:1 (should be designed with uniform wall thickness to ensure sufficient strength and rigidity of the premise).
Die casting wall thickness (usually called wall thickness) is a factor of special significance in the die casting process, wall thickness and the entire process specification has a close relationship, such as the calculation of the filling time, the selection of the speed of the inner gate, the calculation of the solidification time, the analysis of the mold temperature gradient, the role of the pressure (the final pressure), the length of time to stay in the mold, the casting of the temperature of the top of the casting, and the efficiency of the operation;
a, parts wall thickness will make the mechanical properties of die casting decreased significantly, thin-walled castings dense good, relatively improve the casting strength and pressure resistance;
b, casting wall thickness can not be too thin, too thin will cause poor filling of aluminum, molding difficulties, so that the aluminum alloy fusion is not good, the casting surface is prone to cold segregation and other defects, and to the die-casting process brings difficulties;
Die casting with the increase of wall thickness, its internal porosity, shrinkage and other defects increased, so in order to ensure that the casting has enough strength and stiffness under the premise of the casting should try to reduce the casting wall thickness and keep the thickness of the cross-section of the uniformity of the thickness, in order to avoid shrinkage and other defects of the casting of the thick-walled should be thickened (material), increase the bar; for large areas of flat plate thick-walled casting, set up the bar in order to reduce the wall thickness of the casting.
1) Die casting wall thickness is related to performance.
2) Die casting wall thickness affects the liquid metal filling cavity state, and ultimately affect the casting surface quality.
3) Die casting wall thickness affects metal consumption and cost.
In the design of die casting, often to ensure the reliability of strength and stiffness, thought the thicker the wall the better performance; In fact, for the die casting, with the wall thickness increases, the mechanical properties decreased significantly. The reason is in the die-casting process, when the metal liquid with high pressure, high speed state into the cavity, and cavity surface contact soon after cooling solidification. By the radical cold die casting surface to form a layer of fine grain organization. The thickness of this layer of dense fine grain organization is about 0.3m, so thin-walled die casting has higher mechanical properties. On the contrary, thick-walled die casting center layer of grain is larger, easy to produce internal shrinkage, porosity, external surface depression and other defects, so that the mechanical properties of the die casting with the increase of wall thickness and reduce.
As the wall thickness increases, more metal is consumed and the cost increases. However, if the minimum wall thickness is calculated from the structural aspect alone and the complexity of the casting is ignored, it may also result in undesirable liquid metal filling of the cavity and defects.
Under the premise of meeting the functional requirements of the use of the product, comprehensive consideration of the impact of various post-processing processes, the lowest metal consumption to achieve good molding and manufacturability, in order to take a normal, uniform wall thickness is preferred.
(3),cast (pour metal into a mold)rounded corner
Die casting parts should be intersected by rounded corners (except at the parting surface), so that the metal filler flows smoothly, the gas can be easily discharged, and can avoid cracks due to sharp corners. For the need for plating and finishing die castings, rounded corners can be uniform plating, to prevent the sharp corners of the paint buildup.
Die casting corner radius R generally should not be less than 1 mm, the minimum corner radius of 0.5 mm, see table 2. casting corner radius calculation see table 3.
Table 2 Minimum fillet radius of die castings (mm)
| Die casting alloys | Rounding radius R | Die casting alloys | Rounding radius R | |
| zinc alloy | 0.5 | Aluminum, magnesium alloy | 1.0 | |
| Aluminum-tin alloy | 0.5 | copper alloy | 1.5 |
Table 3 Calculation of casting fillet radius (mm)
| Thickness of connected walls | legend (of a map, etc) | radius of a rounded corner |
| Equal wall thickness | rmin=Kh rmax=Kh R=r + h | |
| Unequal wall thickness | r ≥ (h + h1)/3 R= r + (h + h1)/2 |
Note: ①, for zinc alloy castings, K=1/4; for aluminum, magnesium, alloy castings, K=1/2.
(ii) The calculated minimum fillet shall meet the requirements of Table 2.
Die casting on any wall to wall connection, regardless of right angle, acute or obtuse angle, blind holes and grooves in the root, should be designed into rounded, only when expected to determine the parting surface of the parts, only do not use rounded connection, the rest of the parts generally must be rounded, rounded should not be too large or too small, too small die casting prone to cracking, too large prone to loose shrinkage holes, die casting rounded generally take: 1/2 wall thickness ≤ R ≤ wall thickness.
The role of rounded corners is to help the flow of metal, reduce eddy current or turbulence; to avoid the presence of rounded corners on the part due to the stress concentration and lead to cracking; when the parts to be plated or coated, rounded corners can be obtained uniform plating layer, preventing the deposition of the sharp corners; can extend the service life of the die casting molds, not due to the presence of sharp corners of the mold cavities lead to the collapse of the corners or cracking.
Rounded corners can make the metal liquid flow smoothly, improve the filling holding, gas can be easily discharged. At the same time, to avoid sharp corners produce stress concentration and lead to crack defects.
Especially when die castings need plating treatment, rounded corners are necessary to ensure good plating results.
(4),Slope of Drawing
When designing die castings, there should be a structural slope on the structure, no structural slope, where needed, there must be a mold release process slope. The direction of the slope must be consistent with the direction of mold release of the casting. Recommended mold release slope is shown in table 4.
Table 4 Demolding Slope
| alloys | Minimum demolding slope of mating surfaces | Minimum demolding slope for non-mating surfaces | |||
| Outer surface α | Inner surface β | Outer surface α | Inner surface β | ||
| zinc alloy | 0°10′ | 0°15′ | 0°15′ | 0°45′ | |
| Aluminum, magnesium alloy | 0°15′ | 0°30′ | 0°30′ | 1° | |
| copper alloy | 0°30′ | 0°45′ | 1° | 1°30′ | |
Note: ①, the casting size deviation caused by this slope is not counted in the size tolerance value.
②, the values in the table are only applicable to cavity depth or core height ≤ 50mm, surface roughness in Ra0.1, the minimum value of one-sided difference between the size of the big end and the small end is 0.03mm. when the depth or height > 50mm, or surface roughness exceeds Ra0.1, then the demolding inclination can be increased appropriately.
Slope role is to reduce the casting and mold cavity friction, easy to take out the casting; to ensure that the casting surface is not strained; to extend the life of the die-casting die, aluminum alloy die casting general minimum casting slope is as follows:
| Minimum casting slope for aluminum die castings | ||
| external surface | inner surface | Core hole (one side) |
| 1° | 1°30′ | 2° |
In order to smoothly release the mold, reduce the push out force, core pulling force, reduce the mold loss, in the design of die casting, should have as large as possible in the structure of the slope. Thus reduce the friction between the die casting and mold, easy to take out the casting, also make the casting surface is not strained, to ensure the surface finish.
(5),intensifytendon
The reinforcement can increase the strength and rigidity of the part, and at the same time improve the processability of die casting.
But be warned:
① Distribution should be uniform and symmetrical;
② The root connected to the casting should be rounded;
③ Avoid multi-tendon crossings;
(iv) The width of the reinforcement should not exceed the thickness of the wall to which it is attached. When the wall thickness is less than 1.5mm, it is not suitable to use reinforcing bars;
⑤ The mold release slope of the reinforcement shall be greater than the casting slope allowed for the inner cavity of the casting.
The size of the reinforcement generally used is selected according to Table 5:
| wall thickness | t≤3 | t > 3 | |
| t1 | t1=0.6t~t | ||
| t2 | t2=0.75t~t | (0.4-0.7)t | |
| Height h | h≤5t | (0.6-1)t | |
| Minimum rounding r | r≤0.5mm | ||
| Minimum Rounding R | R≥0.5t~t | ||
| (t - wall thickness of die casting, maximum 6-8mm) | |||
Greater than or equal to 2.5㎜ will reduce the tensile strength and easily produce air holes and shrinkage holes.
Design principles: 1. Large force, reduce wall thickness, improve strength.
2、Symmetrical arrangement, uniform wall thickness, to avoid shrinkage air holes.
3, with the material flow direction, to avoid turbulence.
4. Avoid setting any parts on the rib.
The role of the bar is the wall thickness is thinned, used to improve the strength and rigidity of the parts, to prevent the reduction of casting shrinkage and deformation, as well as to avoid deformation of the workpiece from the mold when the top out of the deformation, filling used to act as an auxiliary circuit (metal flow path), die casting bar thickness should be less than the thickness of the wall, generally take the thickness of the place of the 2 / 3 ~ 3 / 4.
Die casting tends to use uniform thin wall, in order to improve its strength and rigidity, to prevent deformation, should not be used purely to increase the wall thickness of the method, but should be used to achieve the purpose of the appropriate thin-walled reinforcement.
The reinforcement should be symmetrically arranged and of uniform thickness to avoid new metal buildup. In order to reduce the resistance during demolding, the reinforcement should have a casting slope.
(6) Die-casting holesand the minimum distance from the hole to the edge
1) Casting holes
The hole diameter and depth of the die casting can be directly pressed out for less demanding holes, according to Table 5.
Table 5 Minimum hole diameter and maximum hole depth
| Minimum hole diameter d (mm) | Maximum hole depth (mm) | Minimum slope of the hole | |||||
| generic | technically possible | blind hole | via | ||||
| d > 5 | d < 5 | d > 5 | d < 5 | ||||
| zinc alloy | 1.5 | 0.8 | 6d | 4d | 12d | 8d | 0 to 0.3% |
| aluminum | 2.5 | 2.0 | 4d | 3d | 8d | 6d | 0.5 % ~ 1% |
| magnesium alloy | 2.0 | 1.5 | 5d | 4d | 10d | 8d | 0 to 0.3% |
| copper alloy | 4.0 | 2.5 | 3d | 2d | 5d | 3d | 2 % ~ 4% |
Note: ①, the depth of the table refers to the fixed core, for the activities of a single core depth can also be increased appropriately.
②, for larger hole diameter, accuracy requirements are not high, the depth of the hole can also exceed the above range.
The holes in the castings should be cast out as much as possible, which not only makes the wall thickness uniform, reduces the thermal joints, saves metal, but also saves machining hours.
The minimum size and depth of the hole that can be die-cast from the die casting is constrained by the distribution position of the core in the cavity that forms the hole. Fine cores are easy to bend or break when extracted, so the minimum size and depth of the hole is subject to certain restrictions. The depth should have a certain slope to facilitate the extraction of the core.
For bottom holes for die cast self-tapping screws, the recommended bottom hole diameters are shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Diameter of bottom hole for self-tapping screws (mm)
| Thread size d | M2.5 | M3 | M3.5 | M4 | M5 | M6 | M8 | |
| d2 | 2.30 to 2.40 | 2.75 to 2.85 | 3.18 - 3.30 | 3.63 to 3.75 | 4.70 to 4.85 | 5.58 to 5.70 | 7.45 to 7.60 | |
| d3 | 2.20 - 2.30 | 2.60 to 2.70 | 3.08 to 3.20 | 3.48 to 3.60 | 4.38 to 4.50 | 5.38 to 5.50 | 7.15～7.30 | |
| d4 | ≥4.2 | ≥5.0 | ≥5.8 | ≥6.7 | ≥8.3 | ≥10 | ≥13.3 | |
| Turning depth t | t≥1.5d | |||||||
Castings more commonly used self-tapping screw specifications for M4 and M5, the use of the bottom hole diameter of the following table:
| d2 | d3 | t | |||
| M4 | 3.84 | 0 -0.1 | 3.59 | +0.1 0 | 10 |
| M5 | 4.84 | 0 -0.1 | 4.54 | +0.1 0 | 20 |
2) Minimum distance from cast hole to edge
In order to ensure that the casting has good molding conditions, casting hole to the edge of the casting should maintain a certain wall thickness, see Figure 2.
b ≥ (1/4 to 1/3)t
When t < 4.5, b ≥ 1.5 mm
3) Rectangular holes and slots
The design of rectangular holes and slots in die castings is recommended in accordance with Table 7.
Table 7 Rectangular holes and slots (mm)
| Alloy Category | lead-tin alloy | zinc alloy | aluminum | magnesium alloy | copper alloy |
| Minimum widthb | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
| Maximum depth H | ≈10 | ≈12 | ≈10 | ≈12 | ≈10 |
| Thickness h | ≈10 | ≈12 | ≈10 | ≈12 | ≈8 |
Note: Width b is tabulated as a small end part value when there is a casting slope.
(7) Words, symbols, patterns
1) Cast out by die-casting, convex pattern shall be used. The height of the convex pattern is more than 0.3m to suit the characteristics of the mold manufacturing.
2) Adopting the new technology that is beginning to be popular: "transfer color film", which can transfer the colorful text, logo, pattern color film to the surface of die-casting.
3) After die-casting out the casting, use the laser to hit the text, logo, pattern on the surface of the casting, you can hit the very fine text.
Example: Parallel grain (straight grain) height 0.7mm, pitch 1mm, angle 60.5, outer diameter Φ34.5mm, total 104 teeth.
(8)Shrinkage
Shrinkage is often referred to as shrinkage. It is the percentage reduction in size of an alloy when it solidifies from a liquid to a solid state and cools to room temperature and can be expressed by the following formula:
K=(L mold - L piece)/L piece
Where: L mold is the size of the mold cavity, L piece is the size of the casting.
The size of the shrinkage rate is related to the structural characteristics of the die casting, wall thickness, chemical composition of the alloy and process factors. The line shrinkage of zinc alloy is generally: 0.6%~0.8% for free shrinkage, 0.3%~0.6% for hindered shrinkage. Table 5 for the core of zinc alloy die casting different wall thickness when the line shrinkage reference value.
(9) Threaded
1) External threads can be cast, due to the needs of casting or mold structure, the use of two halves of the threaded type ring, need to leave 0.2 ~ 0.3mm processing allowance. The minimum pitch of the casting is 0.75mm, the minimum outer diameter of the thread is 6mm, and the maximum length of the thread is 8 times of the pitch.
2) Although the internal thread can be cast, but by using mechanical devices to rotate the core in the die-casting mold, so that the mold structure is more complex, and increase the cost. So generally cast the bottom hole first, and then by mechanical processing into the internal thread.
| alloys | Minimum Pitch (P) | Minimum Thread Outside Diameter | Maximum thread length | ||
| zinc (chemistry) | 0.75 | in addition | interior | in addition | interior |
| 6 | 10 | 8P | 5P | ||
| aluminum (chemistry) | 1 | 10 | 20 | 6P | 4P |
(10), Gear
Gears can be cast, zinc alloy die-casting gears minimum modulus m is 0.3. For the high requirements of the gear tooth surface should be left 0.2 ~ 0.3mm machining allowance.
(11), epidermis
Cast parts have a dense skin layer on their outer surface with high mechanical properties than other parts of the casting. Therefore, the designer should avoid mechanical processing to remove the casting skin dense layer, especially for the requirements of wear-resistant castings.
(12), Inserts
The purpose of using inserts in die castings:
① Improve and enhance the localized process properties on castings, such as strength, hardness, wear resistance, etc;
② Some parts of the casting are too complicated, such as the depth of the hole, inner concave, etc. can not come out of the core and use inserts;
③ It is possible to mold several parts into one.
Considerations for designing die castings with inserts:
① The connection between the insert and the die casting must be firm, requiring grooves, bumps, knurling, etc. on the insert;
② Inserts must avoid sharp corners to facilitate placement and prevent stress concentration in the casting;
③ It is necessary to consider the solidity of the insert's positioning on the mold to meet the requirements of the fit within the mold;
④ The metal layer of the outer package insert should not be less than 1.5~2mm;
⑤ The number of inserts on the casting should not be too large;
(vi) If there is severe galvanic corrosion action between the casting and the insert, the surface of the insert needs to be protected by plating;
⑦ castings with inserts should avoid heat treatment, so as not to cause volume changes due to the phase change of the two metals, so that the inserts loose.
When the design requirements of the combination of different material parts into a component, can be used to insert die-casting, first put the insert into the die-casting mold cavity, and then in the insert around the die-casting forming zinc alloy parts.
(13) Functional combinations
In performing product design, the most effective way to reduce costs is to combine several parts into a single die casting. Figure 4 is an example of a design where the original design consisted of a steel stamping and two machined steel parts with threads. The new design is a die casting.
(14),Machining allowances for die castings
Die casting due to dimensional accuracy or shape and position tolerance can not meet the requirements of the product drawings, should first consider the use of finishing methods, such as correction, drawing, extrusion, shaping and so on. Must be used when machining should be considered to choose a smaller processing allowance, and try not to be affected by the parting surface and the activities of the molding surface for the blank reference surface.
Recommended machining allowances and their deviation values are shown in Table 8. reaming allowances are shown in Table 9.
Table 8 Recommended machining allowances and their deviations (mm)
| gauge | ≤100 | ＞100～250 | ＞250～400 | ＞ 400～630 | ＞630～1000 | |||||
| tolerance on each side | 0.5 | +0.4 -0.1 | 0.75 | +0.5 -0.2 | 1.0 | +0.5 -0.3 | 1.5 | +0.6 -0.4 | 2.0 | +1 -0.4 |
Table 9 Recommended reaming allowances (mm)
| Nominal orifice D | ≤6 | ＞6~10 | ＞10～18 | ＞18～30 | ＞30～50 | ＞50～60 |
| ream allowance | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.25 | 0.3 |
The machining allowance is generally taken as 0.3 to 0.5mm.
3、Tolerance grade and precision of die casting parts
The accuracy of general die castings is IT11 grade; high precision die castings are ITl3 grade.
Die casting tolerance class CT: 4 to 6 (see Table 8).
Precision die casting size classification by the reasonableness of the requirements of the product map, die-casting technology to ensure the possibility of realizing the economy of mass production of these three considerations, from the die-casting blanks to the finished part of the whole process to choose to determine the size of each tolerance. Usually think, precision die casting should also to the same casting on all kinds of size, according to die casting to achieve each size tolerance numerical value level different and distinguish for 3 kinds of type, namely general size, strict size and high precision size (see figure 5).
4, magnesium - aluminum - zinc alloy die casting cost and performance comparison
| Die casting type | Comparison of alloy material price/tonne fluctuation | Alloy Specific Gravity | Die Casting Cost Comparison | |||||
| Unit weight of blanks | Material cost per unit of rough part | Surface treatment unit cost | Cost of gas protection | Die Casting Consumables Costs | Unit die casting cost price (excluding surface treatment cost) | |||
| Magnesium alloy die casting | 14 to 17 thousand | 1.8 | 100g | 1.4~1.7 yuan | Increase 10~40% | 0.06~0.1 Yuan/module | 0.1~0.2 Yuan/module | 1.56~2.00 yuan/pc. |
| Aluminum Die Casting | 18~25 thousand | 2.68 | 148.9g | 2.68~3.72 yuan | Decorative parts as above Structural parts no | not have | Lower than magnesium alloy | 2.68~3.72 yuan/pc. |
| Zinc Alloy Die Casting | 28-38 thousand | 7.1 | 394.4g | 11.04~14.99 | Decorative parts as above Structural parts no | not have | Lower than magnesium alloy | 11.04~14.99 yuan/pc. |
Note: Aluminum and zinc alloys can be used without surface treatment for structural parts, but the cost of surface treatment for decorative parts is the same as that for magnesium alloys.
SF6 gas price: 8,000 yuan/bottle (50 liters), 24 hours on and available for half a year; nitrogen: 22~32 yuan/bottle, available for 12 hours.
| Comparison of physical property values | |||||||||
| Name of material | Specific gravity g/㎝³ | Melting point ℃ | Thermal conductivity W/mk | Tensile strength Mpa | Yield plate limit Mpa | Elongation % | Ratio of tensile strength to specific gravity | Young's modulus GPa | |
| Magnesium alloy (die-cast molding) | AZ91 | 1.82 | 596 | 72 | 280 | 160 | 8 | 154 | 45 |
| AM60 | 1.79 | 615 | 62 | 270 | 140 | 15 | 151 | 45 | |
| Aluminum alloy (die-cast forming) | 380 | 2.70 | 595 | 100 | 315 | 160 | 3 | 117 | 71 |
| steel | carbon steel | 7.86 | 1520 | 42 | 517 | 400 | 22 | 66 | 200 |
| plastics | APS | 1.03 | 90 (Tg) | 0.2 | 35 | * | 40 | 34 | 2.1 |
| PC | 1.23 | 160 (Tg) | 0.2 | 104 | * | 3 | 85 | 6.7 | |
